phОбщественное здоровьеPublic Health2782-16762949-1274ФГБУ «ЦНИИОИЗ» Минздрава России10.21045/2782-1676-2021-1-1-65-89ph-9Research ArticleПСИХИЧЕСКОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕMENTAL HEALTHВосприятие стресса различными категориями медицинского персонала во время первой волны пандемии COVID‑19 в РоссииPerception of stress by different categories of medical personnel during the first wave of the COVID‑19 pandemic in RussiaЗинченкоЮ. П.ZinchenkoYu. P.

д-р психол. наук, профессор, декан факультета психологии

г. Москва

Moscow

СалагайО. О.SalagayO. O.

канд. мед. наук, заместитель Министра здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Минздрав России

г. Москва

Moscow

ШайгероваЛ. А.ShaigerovaL. A.

канд. психол. наук, доцент факультета психологии МГУ

г. Москва

Moscow

АлмазоваО. В.AlmazovaO. V.

канд. психол. наук, доцент факультета психологии МГУ

г. Москва

Moscow

ДолгихА. Г.DolgikhA. G.

канд. психол. наук, доцент факультета психологии МГУ

г. Москва

Moscow

ВаханцеваО. В.VakhantsevaO. V.

студент факультета психологии МГУ

г. Москва

Moscow

Московский государственный университет имени М. В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202108062021116589Copyright © Зинченко Ю.П., Салагай О.О., Шайгерова Л.А., Алмазова О.В., Долгих А.Г., Ваханцева О.В., 20212021Зинченко Ю.П., Салагай О.О., Шайгерова Л.А., Алмазова О.В., Долгих А.Г., Ваханцева О.В.Zinchenko Y.P., Salagay O.O., Shaigerova L.A., Almazova O.V., Dolgikh A.G., Vakhantseva O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/9Актуальность

Актуальность. В условиях пандемии вызывает обеспокоенность актуальное психологическое состояние и вероятное отсроченное ухудшение психического здоровья сотрудников медицинских учреждений вне зависимости от их профессиональных обязанностей. С учетом стрессогенных обстоятельств, в которые пандемия поставила всех медицинских работников, оценка уровня воспринимаемого стресса, а также выявление факторов риска и факторов, смягчающих стресс, представляется актуальной задачей, решение которой будет способствовать эффективной организации психологической поддержки медицинского персонала.

Методы

Методы. В исследовании в качестве основной методики применялась сокращенная версия Шкалы воспринимаемого стресса (Perceived Stress Scale) PSS‑10 – инструмент, предназначенный для изучения отношения человека к стрессовым ситуациям и определения степени, в которой жизнь оценивается как напряженная и неконтролируемая (Cohen et al., 1988). Методика широко используется научным сообществом, в том числе, в период пандемии, а оригинальная английская версия PSS переведена на многие языки мира и адаптирована в разных странах. Исследование было проведено посредством онлайн-опроса.

Респонденты

Респонденты. В исследовании, проведенном в период с 9 мая по 26 июня 2020 года, когда в России наблюдался неуклонный рост зараженных вирусом SARS-CoV‑2, приняли участие 1287 сотрудников медицинских учреждений различных субъектов федерации (1079 женщин и 208 мужчин) в возрасте от 19 до 80 лет. Выборка исследования представлена врачами, средним и младшим медицинским персоналом, руководителями медицинских отделений и учреждений, а также волонтёрами.

Результаты

Результаты. Выявлен высокий средний общий показатель воспринимаемого стресса у сотрудников медицинских учреждений. Наиболее высокий уровень стресса отмечается у самой молодой возрастной группы (от 19 до 30 лет), а с возрастом уровень стресса снижается. Не обнаружено различий в уровне стресса между медработниками – мужчинами и женщинами ни по одному из рассматриваемых показателей стресса. Защитными факторами против повышения стресса выступают наличие детей и проживание с членами семьи или близкими, тогда как наличие супруга/партнера не влияет на общий показатель воспринимаемого стресса. Из разных категорий медицинских работников показатель воспринимаемого стресса выше у руководителей и врачей по сравнению со средним и младшим медицинским персоналом. Не обнаружилось значимых различий в уровне стресса между персоналом, работающим и не работающим «в красной зоне». Выявлены различия в уровне стресса медицинских работников в зависимости от текущей ситуации (количество зараженных и умерших) в регионе проживания: уровень стресса выше у тех специалистов, которые вынуждены работать в напряженных условиях в связи со сложной эпидемиологической обстановкой. Показана связь различных убеждений по отношению к COVID‑19 с уровнем стресса: уровень стресса выше у тех, кто воспринимает его опасность более серьезно. В том, что касается источников стресса, наиболее вероятными его предикторами являются беспокойство о подверженности воздействию COVID‑19 на работе и вероятность заразить близких, страх заразиться самому и заболеть, невозможность удовлетворения привычных личностных потребностей и экономическая нестабильность.

Выводы

Выводы. При практических вмешательствах, оказании психологической помощи и разработке действий руководства по снижению уровня стресса среди персонала в период пандемии, следует учитывать роль выявленных факторов в повышении стресса у персонала, работающего в конкретных условиях и ориентироваться на преобладающие убеждения и стрессоры у специфических категорий медицинских работников.

Relevance

Relevance. In the context of the pandemic, the current psychological state and the likely delayed deterioration of the mental health of medical personnel, regardless of their professional duties, are of concern. Taking into account the stressful circumstances in which the pandemic has placed all medical workers, assessing the level of perceived stress, as well as identifying risk factors and factors that mitigate stress, is an urgent task, the solution of which will contribute to the effective organization of psychological support for medical personnel.

Methods

Methods. The study used a shortened version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10) as the main methodology – a tool designed to study a person's attitude to stressful situations and determine the degree to which life is assessed as stressful and uncontrolled (Cohen et al., 1988). The methodology is widely used by the scientific community, including during the pandemic, and the original English version of the PSS has been translated into many languages and adapted in different countries. The study was conducted through an online survey.

Respondents

Respondents. The study, conducted in the period from May 9 to June 26, 2020, when there was a steady increase in SARS-CoV 2 virus infections in Russia, involved 1,287 employees of medical institutions in various subjects of the federation (1,079 women and 208 men) aged 19 to 80 years. The sample of the study is represented by doctors, middle and junior medical staff, heads of medical departments and institutions, as well as volunteers.

Results

Results. A high average overall index of perceived stress among employees of medical institutions was revealed. The highest level of stress is observed in the youngest age group (from 19 to 30 years), and with age, the level of stress decreases. There were no differences in the level of stress between male and female health workers in any of the considered stress indicators. Protective factors against increased stress are the presence of children and living with family members or relatives, while the presence of a spouse / partner does not affect the overall indicator of perceived stress. From different categories of medical workers, the index of perceived stress is higher in managers and doctors compared to middle and junior medical personnel. There were no significant differences in the level of stress between the staff working and not working in the "red zone". Differences in the level of stress of medical workers depending on the current situation (the number of infected and dead) in the region of residence were revealed: the level of stress is higher for those specialists who are forced to work in stressful conditions due to the complex epidemiological situation. The relationship between different beliefs about COVID19 and the level of stress is shown: the level of stress is higher in those who take its danger more seriously. In terms of the sources of stress, the most likely predictors are anxiety about exposure to COVID19 at work and the likelihood of infecting loved ones, fear of catching it yourself and getting sick, inability to meet the usual personal needs and economic instability.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Practical interventions, the provision of psychological support and the development of actions to reduce stress for staff during a pandemic, should take into account the role of factors in increasing stress among staff working in specific conditions and focus on the prevailing beliefs and stressors in specific categories of medical factors.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.