phОбщественное здоровьеPublic Health2782-16762949-1274ФГБУ «ЦНИИОИЗ» Минздрава России10.21045/2782-1676-2021-1-3-42-52ph-25Research ArticleФАКТОРЫ РИСКАRISK FACTORSРазвитие политики контроля за незарегистрированным алкоголем в России в период после 1991 годаDevelopment of the policy of control over unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period after 1991https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-5380ГильА. Ю.GilA. U.

Гиль Артем Юрьевич – канд. мед. наук, доцент, Высшая школа управления здравоохранением

г. Москва

Artem U. Gil – Ph.D. (Medicine), Associate Professor, Higher School of Health Management

Moscow

gil_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-4164ХальфинР. А.KhalfinR. A.

Хальфин Руслан Альбертович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, директор Института лидерства и управления здравоохранением

г. Москва

Ruslan A. Khalfin – D.Sc. (Medicine), Professor, Director of the Institute of Leadership and Health Management

Moscow

ruskhalf@gmail.comПервый МГМУ им. И. М. СеченоваРоссияI. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202103112021134252Copyright © Гиль А.Ю., Хальфин Р.А., 20212021Гиль А.Ю., Хальфин Р.А.Gil A.U., Khalfin R.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/25Актуальность

Актуальность. Незарегистрированный алкоголь в России включает разнообразные источники дешевого, часто высококонцентрированного этанола, употребление которого взаимосвязано с повышенным риском развития заболеваний и смерти. С 1991 года в России произошли изменения в политике контроля незарегистрированного алкоголя, что стало предметом анализа данной работы.

Методы

Методы. В работе проведен повествовательный обзор и анализ регулирования незарегистрированного алкоголя в России в период с 1991 по 2021 годы. В качестве источников информации о законодательном регулировании использовались электронные справочные правовые системы КонсультантПлюс и Гарант, опубликованные ключевые научные работы и отчеты международных организаций по теме регулирования алкоголя и собственный анализ алкогольной политики.

Результаты

Результаты. За исследуемый период произошла масштабная перестройка регулирования сферы алкоголя, в том числе незарегистрированного алкоголя, в условиях новой рыночной экономики. После упразднения советской алкогольной монополии и регуляторной паузы первой половины 1990-х готов, с 1995 года была вновь разработана законодательная база, направленная на усиление государственного контроля за производством и оборотом алкоголя. В последующие годы происходило усиление контроля за незарегистрированным алкоголем за счёт совершенствования Федерального закона № 171-ФЗ, ужесточения санкций за деяния в сфере незаконного производства и  оборота алкоголя через совершенствование кодекса об административных правонарушениях и уголовного кодекса РФ, введения минимальных цен на алкогольную продукцию. Была внедрена электронная система мониторинга объемов производимой и реализуемой алкогольной продукции, создана Федеральная служба по регулированию алкогольного рынка, введены запреты на реализацию спиртосодержащих продуктов с низкой стоимостью единицы этанола.

Выводы

Выводы. В целом политику по контролю незарегистрированного алкоголя в России в период после 1991 года с позиций охраны общественного здоровья можно расценивать как положительную и соответствующую международным стандартам. Тем не менее, требуется усиление контроля за исполнением уже существующих принятых мер антиалкогольной политики в отношении незарегистрированного алкоголя, а также разработка и внедрение новых мер, направленных на контроль неучтенного медицинского/фармацевтического спирта, медицинской спиртосодержащей продукции, нелегальных алкогольных напитков и  непитьевых продуктов, используемых в качестве суррогатного алкоголя.

Relevance

Relevance. Unrecorded alcohol in Russia includes a variety of sources of cheap, often highly concentrated, ethanol, the use of which is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and death. Since 1991, various changes in the policy of control of unrecorded alcohol in Russia have been made, which became the subject of the analysis of this work.

Methods

Methods. The paper provides a narrative review and analysis of the regulation of unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period from 1991 to 2021. The sources of information on legislative regulation were the ConsultantPlus and Garant electronic legal reference systems, published key scientific papers and reports of international organizations on the topic of alcohol regulation, and our own analysis of alcohol policy.

Results

Results. During the study period, there was a large-scale restructuring of the regulation of the sphere of alcohol, including unrecorded alcohol, in Russia in the conditions of a new market economy. After the abolition of the Soviet alcohol monopoly and the regulatory pause of the first half of the 1990s, since 1995, the new legislative framework has been developed aimed at strengthening state control over the production and distribution of alcohol. In subsequent years, increased control over unrecorded alcohol by improving federal law No. 171-FZ, tougher sanctions for acts in the field of illegal production and distribution of alcohol through the improvement of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the introduction of minimum prices for alcoholic beverages, have been made. An electronic system for monitoring the volumes of produced and sold alcoholic beverages was introduced, the Federal Service for the Regulation of the Alcohol Market was established, and bans were introduced on the sale of alcohol-containing products with a low unit cost of ethanol.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Overall, the policy on the control of unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period after 1991 from the standpoint of public health can be characterized as positive and in line with international standards. However, it is necessary to strengthen control over the implementation of the already existing alcohol control policy measures, as well as to develop and implement new measures aimed at controlling unrecorded medicinal/pharmaceutical alcohol, medicinal alcohol-containing products, illegal alcoholic beverages and non-beverage products used as alcohol surrogates.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.