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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общественное здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Health</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-1676</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1274</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБУ «ЦНИИОИЗ» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21045/2782-1676-2024-4-4-24-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ph-229</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВОЕ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL HEALTHCARE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перспективы применения искусственного интеллекта для повышения эффективности cкрининга злокачественных новообразований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prospects of using artificial intelligence for improving cancer screening efficаcy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2824-3704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заридзе</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaridze</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заридзе Давид Георгиевич – член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом клинической эпидемиологии</p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>David G. Zaridze – MD, Grand PhD in Medical sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Clinical Epidemiology</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgzaridze@rcs-pror.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N. N. Blokhin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Заридзе Д.Г., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Заридзе Д.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaridze D.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/229">https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/229</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Эффективность скрининга как одной из наиболее действенных стратегий контроля злокачественных опухолей не вызывает сомнений. Скрининг снижает риск диагностики рака на поздней стадии и выявляет предраковые патологии, чем предотвращает и его развитие. Потенциальные ограничения и опасность скрининга заключаются в высокой вероятности ложноположительных, ложноотрицательных результатов и гипердиагностики. Последствия – дополнительные обследования и ненужное и, часто, чрезмерное лечение. В то же время, при скрининге часто не попадают в поле зрения интервальные раки, которые характеризуются агрессивным течением.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: изучить эффективность искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) для повышения чувствительности и специфичности скрининга злокачественных новообразований (ЗНО) и снижения частоты ложноотрицательных, ложноположительных результатов и гипердиагностики.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обзор и анализ опубликованных научных данных, посвященных: а) скринингу рака молочной железы (РМЖ), рака легкого (РЛ), рака предстательной железы (РПЖ), рака шейки матки (РШМ) и рака толстой кишки (РТК); б) разработке и применению ИИ для улучшения эффективности скрининговых программ. Поиск соответствующих публикаций был произведен в базах данных PubMed и Cochrane Library.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При маммографическом скрининге ИИ снижает количество неправильной интерпретации маммограм, количество повторных вызовов, количество биопсий с отрицательным результатом, повышает эффективность интерпретации маммограм независимо от характеристик органа (плотная молочная железа, кальцификаты). Применение ИИ совместно с низкодозовой компьютерной томографией (НДКТ) для скрининга РЛ не только улучшает диагностику его различных форм, но и предсказывает риск развития рака на несколько лет вперед. Систематический обзор и мета-анализ 12 работ по оценке эффективности ИИ в тандеме с мультипараметрической магнитнорезонансной томографией (мпМРТ) предстательной железы показал высокую суммарную эффективность в диагностике клинически значимого РПЖ, что способствовало статистически достоверному снижению количества дополнительных приглашений и ненужных биопсий. Вопрос эффективности ИИ в сочетании с колоноскопией, несмотря на применение его самых продвинутых систем (система глубокого обучения, основанная на сверточной нейронной сети), остается спорным. Решение этой проблемы зависит от того, какую цель мы преследуем, разрабатывая и обучая систему: повышение «выявляемости» аденом и их удаление независимо от их размеров или идентификацию и удаление только больших аденом, из которых, с высокой вероятностью, может развиться рак. Успешное применение ИИ для цитологической диагностики патологии шейки матки, включая все стадии цервикальных интраэпителиальных неоплазий (ЦИН), вызывает оптимизм. Внедрение систем ИИ, обученных взаимодействию с цитопатологом в прочтении и оценке цитологического материала и диагностике ЦИН и РШМ, снизит нагрузку на цитологов и на другой медицинский персонал.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Представленные исследования указывают на перспективность применения ИИ для диагностики ЗНО, особенно в контексте популяционного скрининга, при котором исследование проходят многие тысячи человек. Применение ИИ достоверно повышает эффективность диагностических методов, улучшает показатели чувствительности и специфичности, снижает вероятность ложноотрицательных, ложноположительных результатов и гипердиагностики. Эффективность ИИ для прогнозирования риска развития рака на несколько лет вперед может способствовать удлинению интервалов между раундами скрининга и, соответственно, снижению нагрузки на систему здравоохранения и сокращению затрат. Решение о внедрении в программу популяционного скрининга любой из систем ИИ, с доказанной эффективностью в рамках клинических исследований, должно быть принято только после ее апробирования на популяционном уровне. Необходимо разработать формы «информированного согласия» для пациентов, в которых подробно и объективно описаны все преимущества и недостатки применения ИИ по сравнению с существующей принятой практикой.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The eﬀectiveness of screening as one of the strategies for cancer control is beyond doubt. Screening reduces the risk of diagnosing cancer at a late stage and identiﬁes precancerous pathologies, thereby preventing the development of cancer. Potential limitations of screening include the high probability of false positives, false negatives, and overdiagnosis. The consequences are additional examinations and unnecessary and, often, excessive treatment. At the same time, interval cancers, which are characterized by an aggressive course, often do not come into view.</p></sec><sec><title>The purpose of the study</title><p>The purpose of the study: to explore the data on eﬀectiveness of artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) for improving the sensitivity and speciﬁcity of cancer screening and reducing the probability of false negative and false positive results, and overdiagnosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Review and analysis of published data on a) screening of breast cancer (BC), lung cancer (LC), prostate cancer (PC), cervical cancer (CC) and large bowel cancer (LBC); b) development and application of AI systems to improve the eﬀectiveness of screening. The PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant publications.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In mammography screening, AI reduces the number of abnormal interpretations of mammograms, the number of recalls, the number of biopsies with a negative result, and increases the eﬃcacy of mammogram interpretation regardless of the characteristics of the breast (dense breast, calciﬁcations). The use of AI in conjunction with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for LC screening not only improves the diagnosis of various types of LC, but also predicts the risk of developing cancer several years in advance. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 studies evaluating the eﬀectiveness of AI in tandem with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate showed high overall eﬀectiveness in the diagnosis of clinically signiﬁcant PC. The performance of the AI system – based on the multimodal data including demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and ultrasound reports of patients with PC, was better than the eﬀectiveness of PSA tests in diagnosing clinically signiﬁcant PC. The eﬀectiveness of AI in tandem with colonoscopy, despite the use of the most advanced AI systems (deep learning system based on a convolutional neural network), remains controversial. The solution to this problem depends on what goal we are pursuing when developing and training the system? Increasing “detection rate” of adenomas, regardless of their size, and removing them, or identifying and removing only large adenomas? The successful use of AI for cytological diagnosis of cervical pathology, including all stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), is encouraging. The introduction of AI systems developed and trained to interact with a cytopathologist in reading and evaluating cytological material and diagnosing CIN and CC into general practice will reduce the burden on cytopahologists and other medical personnel.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The analysis of published data has shown the promising results concerning the use of AI for cancer diagnostics, especially in the setting of population screening programs, which cover many thousands of people. The use of AI signiﬁcantly increases the eﬀectiveness of diagnostic tool, improves its sensitivity and speciﬁcity, and reduces the probability of false negative, false positive results and overdiagnosis. The decision to introduce into practice any of the AIs with proven eﬀectiveness in clinical trials should be made only after its testing in a real world, at the population level. The “informed consent” forms that objectively describe all the advantages and disadvantages of the use of AI compared to current practice has to be developed.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>скрининг</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>ИИ</kwd><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>рак легкого</kwd><kwd>рак толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>рак шейки матки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>screening</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>AI</kwd><kwd>cancer of the breast</kwd><kwd>lung</kwd><kwd>prostate</kwd><kwd>large bowel</kwd><kwd>cervix</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breast Cancer Screening. IARC handbook of Cancer Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, IARC Pres. 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breast Cancer Screening. 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