<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общественное здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Health</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-1676</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1274</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБУ «ЦНИИОИЗ» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21045/2782-1676-2021-1-3-13-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ph-22</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Как достичь целей устойчивого развития ООН в области неинфекционных заболеваний к 2030 году, по данным исследований в 49 странах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>How to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the ﬁeld of noncommunicable diseases by 2030, according to research in 49 countries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2290-6367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халтаев</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaltaev</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халтаев Николай Гаврилович – д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>г. Женева</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai  G.  Khaltaev – D.Sc. (Medicine), Professor</p><p>Geneva</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5176-3388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксельрод</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Axelrod</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аксельрод Светлана Валерьевна – канд. мед. наук, профессор</p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Axelrod – Ph.D. (Medicine), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akselrod_s_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Глобальный альянс по борьбе с хроническими респираторными заболеваниями</institution><country>Швейцария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases</institution><country>Switzerland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт лидерства и управления здравоохранением, 1 Московский Медицинский Университет им. И. М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Leadership and Health Management of the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Халтаев Н.Г., Аксельрод С.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Халтаев Н.Г., Аксельрод С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khaltaev N.G., Axelrod S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/22">https://ph.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/22</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Детальное изучение динамики смертности от основных хронических неинфекционных заболеваний (ХНИЗ) и связанных с этим усилий для достижения целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР) ООН 3.4 «снизить на одну треть преждевременную смертность от ХНИЗ посредством профилактики и лечения к 2030 году».</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Для оценки смертности использовалась статистика ВОЗ, основанная на унифицированных данных, представленных странами-членами ВОЗ, и данных международных исследований причин смерти от основных ХНИЗ. Только страны с многолетней и полной историей регистрации высококачественных данных причин смерти были включены в анализ. Смертность анализировалась в 49 странах в 2000, 2010 и 2016 годах, в 36 странах с высоким доходом на душу населения (ВУД) и 13 странах со средним уровнем дохода (СУД) на душу населения. Учитывались: сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ), ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) и инсульт, хронические респираторные заболевания (ХРЗ), хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) и бронхиальная астма, рак легкого и сахарный диабет.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наиболее заметное и статистически значимое снижение смертности с 2000 по 2016 год было достигнуто в случае бронхиальной астмы – 54%, инсульта – 43%, ИБС – 30% и ХОБЛ – 29%. Снижение смертности от рака легкого и диабета было статистически незначимо. Распространённость курения за этот период последовательно снижалась в 84% стран. Отмечен также хороший прогресс в снижении распространённости повышенного артериального давления. Распространённость ожирения увеличилась во всех странах. Отмечаются значимые различия в смертности от ССЗ и ХРЗ между странами с ВУД и странами с СУД, где смертность значительно выше. Страны с ВУД были более успешны в проведении антитабачных мер и мер по изменению питания. Такие же различия между странами и в области лечения ХНИЗ. Обнаружен значительно более высокий уровень загрязнения окружающей среды в странах со СУД по сравнению со странами с ВУД.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Наблюдаемые изменения в смертности от ХНИЗ ассоциируются с внедрением глобальных активностей ВОЗ в области изменения образа жизни, координированным подходом к контролю гипертонии, бронхиальной астмы и ХОБЛ, а также разработанным ВОЗ подходом к профилактике и лечению ХНИЗ, названным «лучшей покупкой». Для достижения лучших результатов в борьбе с раком легкого большее внимание должно уделяться ранней диагностике, усилению борьбы с курением, улучшению окружающей среды и здоровому питанию. Изменения питания и повышение уровня физической активности в комбинации с соответствующим лечением и образованием больных могут улучшить прогноз развития диабета в ближайшие 10 лет. Контроль за загрязнением воздуха имеет большую перспективу в достижении ООН ЦУР к 2030 году.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Goal</title><p>Goal. To analyze chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD) mortality dynamics and associated eﬀorts to reach UN sustainable development goals (SDG) in the area of NCD “by 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from NCD through prevention and treatment“.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. WHO statistics, based on the uniﬁed mortality and cause -of- death reports of Member-States countries along with the latest information from global WHO programmes, were used to evaluate NCD mortality trends in 49 countries in 2000, 2010 and 2016 and make comparisons and assessments of diﬀerent types of community -based, country-wide interventions. Only countries with multiple years of national death registration data and high completeness and quality of cause-of-death assignments were included in the analysis. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, chronic respiratory disease (CRD) bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lung cancer and diabetes mortality were analysed in 36 high income countries (HIC) and 13 middle income countries (MIC).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The most visible decline was achieved for bronchial asthma 54%, stroke 43% IHD 30% and COPD 29%. Lung cancer and diabetes mortality decline were not statistically signiﬁcant. Prevalence of tobacco smoking gradually declined in 84% of countries, 55% of countries demonstrated declining prevalence of raised blood pressure. Obesity prevalence was increasing in all countries. CVD and CRD mortality were higher in MIC. HIC better implemented tobacco and diet reduction measures. Same concerns NCD management approach. Air pollution level was higher in MIC.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. NCD mortality decline is associated with multiple WHO global life style modiﬁcations campaigns, global coordinated prevention and control programmes for hypertension, asthma and COPD and WHO developed “best buy” approach. In order to achieve better results in lung cancer mortality together with early detection, more eﬀorts should be concentrated on early diagnosis, strengthening tobacco cessation, clean air and diet actions. Diet and physical activities along with adequate management and patient education remain key elements to improve diabetes prognosis by the year 2030. Air pollution control could also facilitate achievement of the UN SDG 3.4.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цели устойчивого развития ООН</kwd><kwd>хронические неинфекционные заболевания</kwd><kwd>Всемирная Организация Здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>табакокурение</kwd><kwd>питание</kwd><kwd>загрязнение окружающей среды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>UN Sustainable Development goals</kwd><kwd>chronic noncommunicable diseases</kwd><kwd>World Health Organization</kwd><kwd>tobacco</kwd><kwd>diet</kwd><kwd>air pollution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noncommunicable Diseases Country Proﬁles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noncommunicable Diseases Country Proﬁles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalen J.E., Alpert J.S., Goldberg R.J., Weinstein R.S. The epidemic of the 20th. century: coronary heart disease. Amer J Med 2014; 127:807–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalen J.E., Alpert J.S., Goldberg R.J., Weinstein R.S. The epidemic of the 20th. century: coronary heart disease. Amer J Med 2014; 127:807–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B. et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980– 2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2388–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B. et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980– 2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2388–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hearts: technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. World Health Organization 2016 Available online https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hearts: technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. World Health Organization 2016 Available online https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/ RES/66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. New York: United Nations; 2012. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/720106/ﬁles/A_RES_66_2-EN.pdf. Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/ RES/66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. New York: United Nations; 2012. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/720106/ﬁles/A_RES_66_2-EN.pdf. Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. (http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. (http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019–2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/about/what-we-do/gpw-thirteen-consultation/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019–2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/about/what-we-do/gpw-thirteen-consultation/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Assembly Resolution WHA71.1. Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019–2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_ﬁles/WHA71/A71_R1-en.pdf. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Assembly Resolution WHA71.1. Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019–2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_ﬁles/WHA71/A71_R1-en.pdf. Accessed: 16 August 2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations; 2015. Available online: (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld). Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations; 2015. Available online: (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld). Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. (2018) Time to deliver: report of the WHO Independent high-level commission on noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272710 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. (2018) Time to deliver: report of the WHO Independent high-level commission on noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272710 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">New country classiﬁcations by income level: 2018– 2019. https://blogs.worldbank.orgopendata.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">New country classiﬁcations by income level: 2018– 2019. https://blogs.worldbank.orgopendata.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tackling NCDs “Best buys” and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2017. (http://www.who.int/ncds/management/best-buys/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tackling NCDs “Best buys” and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2017. (http://www.who.int/ncds/management/best-buys/en/. Accessed: 16 August 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017. Geneva, World Health Organization 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017. Geneva, World Health Organization 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). World Health Organization 2003, Geneva, Switzerland – 42 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). World Health Organization 2003, Geneva, Switzerland – 42 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. World Health Organization 2010 Geneva, Switzerland – 44 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. World Health Organization 2010 Geneva, Switzerland – 44 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 916. World Health Organization Geneva 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 916. World Health Organization Geneva 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization 2010. Available from: http://who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/. (Accessed: 16 August, 2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization 2010. Available from: http://who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/. (Accessed: 16 August, 2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Package of essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization;2010. (http://who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/pen2010/en/. Accessed: 15 September 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Package of essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization;2010. (http://who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/pen2010/en/. Accessed: 15 September 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 894. World Health Organization Geneva 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 894. World Health Organization Geneva 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J. Hyper-tens 1999; 17:151–83. PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10067786).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J. Hyper-tens 1999; 17:151–83. PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10067786).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. WHO Independent High-Level Commission on Noncommunicable Diseases. Final Report “It’s to walk the talk”:2019 Available from: HTTPs://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330023. License: CCBY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. WHO Independent High-Level Commission on Noncommunicable Diseases. Final Report “It’s to walk the talk”:2019 Available from: HTTPs://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330023. License: CCBY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report (Based on March 1993 Meeting). National Institutes National of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Publication Number 95–3659, January 1995, 176 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report (Based on March 1993 Meeting). National Institutes National of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Publication Number 95–3659, January 1995, 176 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franklin S.S, Wong N. D. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Contribution of the Framingham Heart Study, Global Heart 2013, 8, 1,49–57, DOI 10.1016/j.gheart.2012.12.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franklin S.S, Wong N. D. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Contribution of the Framingham Heart Study, Global Heart 2013, 8, 1,49–57, DOI 10.1016/j.gheart.2012.12.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puska P. Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases:25-year experiences with North Karelia Project in Finland. Public Health Medicine 2002; 4(1):5–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puska P. Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases:25-year experiences with North Karelia Project in Finland. Public Health Medicine 2002; 4(1):5–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezzati M., Obermeyer Z., Tzoulaki I. et al. Contributions of risk factors and medical care to cardiovascular mortality trends. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12.508–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezzati M., Obermeyer Z., Tzoulaki I. et al. Contributions of risk factors and medical care to cardiovascular mortality trends. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12.508–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report (based on April 1998 meeting) National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Publication number 2701, April 2001. – 100 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report (based on April 1998 meeting) National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Publication number 2701, April 2001. – 100 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aisanov Z., Khaltaev N. Management of cardiovascular comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients J Thorac Dis 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2020.03.60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aisanov Z., Khaltaev N. Management of cardiovascular comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients J Thorac Dis 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2020.03.60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khaltaev N., Axelrod S. Global lung cancer mortality trends and lifestyle modiﬁcations: preliminary analysis. Chin Med J 2020;133: 1526–1532. Doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaltaev N., Axelrod S. Global lung cancer mortality trends and lifestyle modiﬁcations: preliminary analysis. Chin Med J 2020;133: 1526–1532. Doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schraufnagel D.E., Balmes J.R., Cowl C.T., De Mat teis S., Jung S.H., Mortimer K. et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, part 1: the damaging effects of air pollution. Chest 2019; 155:409–416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schraufnagel D.E., Balmes J.R., Cowl C.T., De Mat teis S., Jung S.H., Mortimer K. et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, part 1: the damaging effects of air pollution. Chest 2019; 155:409–416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schraufnagel D.E., Balmes J.R., De Matteis S., Hoff man B., Kim W.J., Perez-Padilla R. et al. Health Beneﬁts of Air Pollution Reduction Ann Am Torac Soc 2019. – Vol. 16. – No. 12. – P. 1478–1487. Doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS. –536CME201907, available www.atsjournals.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schraufnagel D.E., Balmes J.R., De Matteis S., Hoff man B., Kim W.J., Perez-Padilla R. et al. Health Beneﬁts of Air Pollution Reduction Ann Am Torac Soc 2019. – Vol. 16. – No. 12. – P. 1478–1487. Doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS. –536CME201907, available www.atsjournals.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The GBD Obesity 2015 Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years J Engl J Med, 377(2017), P. 13–27. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The GBD Obesity 2015 Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years J Engl J Med, 377(2017), P. 13–27. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health. World Health Organization, Geneva 2006 available http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/en/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health. World Health Organization, Geneva 2006 available http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/en/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Global noncommunicable diseases platform, available https://www.who.int/teams/global-noncommunicable-diseases-platform</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Global noncommunicable diseases platform, available https://www.who.int/teams/global-noncommunicable-diseases-platform</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
